Go Tell the Spartans (1978)
Directed by Ted Post, Color, 114 Minutes

Saigon: Year of the Cat (1983)
Directed by Stephen Frears, Color, 106 Minutes

Americans learn their wars primarily through the movies. Who, except for the few who were actually there, can imagine World War II without thinking of John Wayne? The popular medium gives us a way to digest what would otherwise be too terrible to contemplate, to absorb it into the national psyche.

Generally speaking, British World War II movies are much better than American. The British leave out the silly common man comic-relief touches and excessive firefights that Americans want and concentrate on the experience and character of men at war. An exception, and possibly the best American film to come out of the war, is Wake Island. Wake Island tells the story of a few hundred American Marines and construction workers who were caught on the barren Pacific atoll of Wake after Pearl Harbor. Without any hope of relief, they fought skillfully and to the last against overwhelming Japanese sea, land, and air forces.

The combat is well rendered, but the emphasis is on the characters—the Marine commander (Brian Donlevy) who has left a motherless young daughter in Hawaii; common Marines like the inevitable William Bendix and a very young Robert Preston; the engineers and construction men who decline a chance to escape; a handful of pilots (including Macdonald Carey) who sacrifice themselves against impossible odds.

It is a propaganda film, and a very good one. It shows Americans coming together to sacrifice their lives for their country. For their country: because it is, under the circumstances, the right thing to do. There is not a word about saving the world for democracy, nor a single glowing tribute to Eleanor Roosevelt's wonderful plans for postwar reconstruction, not even much about Mother, Apple Pie, and The Girl I Left Behind. Instead there is something approaching the high mode of Western epic, courageously facing unavoidable fate.

The Marine leader mentions (attention, Ruth Bader Ginsburg!) that he is a graduate of the Virginia Military Institute—to which the leader of the construction crew (Walter Abel) replies that he is a Notre Dame man himself. Imagine that—racist, sexist VMI! Reactionary Notre Dame! Both in a film designed to arouse American patriotism. Someone must have known how to appeal to Americans at a deeper level than the average studio executive in Hollywood could aim at, even then—much less today.  The most memorable scene in the film is the nighttime burial of casualties, with crosses prominently displayed and the reading of prayers. There are no atheists in the foxholes, one Marine comments. Really. Wake Island will remind you of what our country once was and probably will never be again.

I doubt if we will ever see a good film about the Gulf War, because the whole thing was too silly to make good drama. There have been several unsuccessful attempts at the Grenada invasion, including Clint Eastwood's worst film, Heartbreak Ridge, which was almost as embarrassing as John Wayne's The Green Berets. And we certainly have not come to grips with that strange episode in American history known as the Vietnam War.

The Hollywood treatment so far certainly won't do. The accepted wisdom is that the Oliver Stone and Francis Ford Coppola productions, Platoon and Apocalypse Now!, told the story for us. But in retrospect, these films appear hysterical creations of the alienated. They tell us little about war and nothing about the American experience. The makers of these films hate quotidian America, and their hatred both predates and postdates the war. Michael Cimino's The Deer Hunter is a partial exception, since the characters bear some resemblance to actual Americans.

Two films, largely overlooked, do come to grips with the Vietnam War in a way that can reconcile us to the past and teach us a few lessons for the future. Go Tell the Spartans and Saigon: Year of the Cat frame the war perfectly. The first tells of the beginning of the American involvement, the second, of the end. Both portray the tragedy of the time with insight and without hysteria.

Go Tell the Spartans casts Burt Lancaster as a tough regular army officer in the early days of American "advisors." The title of the film is found carved over the gate of a French cemetery near an outpost that Lancaster and his motley crew are left to defend. The Americans should learn something from this, but they don't. Moral ambiguities abound. What if the nice young girl is really, as the South Vietnamese liaison says, a Vietcong who will slit your throat at the first opportunity? The arrogance and ignorance of the brass come through the Great Society bureaucracy abroad. We can hardly have a better picture of the idiocy of the McNamara war machine: An electronic map supposedly shows, by colored lights, where the enemy activity is most intense. We come away knowing that, at the beginning, the end was already ordained.

Saigon: Year of the Cat was panned by reviewers. I think I know why: Its portrayal of the American establishment, especially the Saigon ambassador (well played by E.G. Marshall), is too close to the truth of intellectual and moral failure. Frederic Forrest is a CIA operative who is unable to convince his superiors that "Vietnamization" has failed and that North Vietnam is on the verge of a final push. Judi Dench is an English bank manager who provides a point of view of sane detachment from which to witness the unfolding collapse. The last American departure is portrayed vividly, as is something almost never mentioned in America: the shameful abandonment of allies to their enemies.

These two works of cinematic art, if pondered, might provide us a way of thinking about that strange interlude that may help us restrain our messianic leaders on some other bloody occasion.

Clyde Wilson is a professor of American history at the University of South Carolina. This piece first appeared in the April 2000 issue of Chronicles: A Magazine of American Culture.

Five Minutes With Governor Bush (July 2000)

Through the good offices of a friend who is a large contributor to Republican causes, Chronicles was able to secure a brief exclusive interview with George W. Bush—the likely next President of the United States. We caught up with Governor Bush in Des Moines a few minutes before he was to address the annual joint convention of the Midwestern Association of Funeral Directors and the Funeral Cosmetologists of America.

Chronicles: Governor Bush, you have promised tax cuts. Many people remember your father's famous promise of "no new taxes" and may be afraid that such promises can't or won't be kept. A related concern is that the middle- and working-class incomes are declining while the rich are getting richer.

George W. Bush: America is the land of opportunity for everybody. We have to cut taxes to make sure people take advantage of the great entrepreneurial opportunities—like oil, and baseball, for instance.

C: Many Americans feel deeply that abortion is a sin and a crime and that its widespread acceptance is a sign of a sick society.

BUSH: I am deeply concerned about abortion. That is why I passed a parental notification law in Texas that is a model for the nation—to make teenagers notify their parents when they are going to have an abortion—and vice versa.

C: Many Americans are concerned about the militarization of the federal police and incidents such as Ruby Ridge, during your father's administration, and Waco, which happened in your state. Do you think measures should be taken to identify those responsible and punish them, and to restrain such incidents in the future?

BUSH: I am the law-and-order candidate. As President, I will make sure the police have all the tools they need to handle dangerous criminals. When I am President, you won't have dangerous bigots like this John Rocker prowling the streets shooting off his mouth. He makes me sick. I wish we could have him at Yale for just one week, but he probably couldn't pass the entrance exam. And I want to assure my friend Charlton Heston and members of the NRA that I admire the Bill of Rights, and when I am President there will not be a lot of bad people owning guns who are not NRA members.

C: Governor, nearly everybody realizes that public education is failing. It is possible that the problem is too much federal intervention and that the government ought to cut back its involvement?

BUSH: I will be the Education President. I will make sure all our teachers are held to high standards without discrimination and all our students have equal opportunity to the highest quality education so that they are prepared to be part of the global economy in the New World Order—which, by the way, my Dad invented.

C: Governor, our readers feel that American military intervention in foreign situations has been too frequent and aggressive and that we ought to scale back toward a national interest policy.

BUSH: I am a conservative, a bold, compassionate conservative. America must always be ready when democracy is threatened anywhere in the world—like those people that invaded Albania. As President Kennedy said, you must bear any burden.

C: Many people are concerned about the high levels of immigration, as well as apparently unrestricted illegal immigration, which may be drastically changing our country. Do you think one million immigrants a year is too many, not enough, or about right?

BUSH: America is a nation of immigrants. We need immigrants with their talents and skills to take advantage of those opportunities that I said before. That is why I sponsored bilingual education in Texas—to help all those immigrants we need to have a strong, healthy global economy.

C: Many of our readers are concerned about what could be called judicial tyranny, that the federal courts have usurped the role of the people and lawmakers in deciding major issues. How do you feel about that?

BUSH: I am the bold conservative candidate for compassionate conservatism! I will appoint great Republican Supreme Court justices like Earl Warren, Harry Brennan, Clarence Blackmun, and Ruth Bader O'Connor. And I will make sure we have diversity on the Court.

At this point we were interrupted by staff members reminding the governor of his next engagement.

C: Thank you, Governor. This has been most enlightening for our readers.

BUSH: Remember to tell them I am the conservative candidate, the true, the bold, the compassionate conservative. That's how we will win the Republican victory.